Benchmark results
This document contains rv8-bench results compiled using GCC 7.1.0 and musl libc. The results include runtime and instructions per second comparisons for the QEMU and rv8 JIT engines and native x86. The benchmark suite is compiled for aarch64, arm32, riscv64, riscv32, x86-64 and x86-32.
The results include runtime neutral metrics such as retired RISC-V instructions, x86 micro-ops plus dynamic register and instruction histograms for RISC-V.
Benchmark source
The following sources have been used to run the benchmarks:
- rv8 - https://github.com/michaeljclark/rv8/
- rv8-bench - https://github.com/michaeljclark/rv8-bench/
- qemu-riscv - https://github.com/riscv/riscv-qemu/
- musl-riscv-toolchain - https://github.com/michaeljclark/musl-riscv-toolchain/
Benchmark metrics
The following benchmark metrics have been plotted and tabulated:
- Runtimes
- Optimisation
- Instructions Per Second
- Retired Micro-ops
- Dynamic Register Usage
- Dynamic Instruction Usage
Benchmark details
The rv8-bench benchmark suite contains the following test programs:
| Benchmark | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| aes | crypto | encrypt, decrypt and compare 30MiB of data |
| bigint | numeric | compute 23 ^ 111121 and count base 10 digits |
| dhrystone | synthetic | synthetic integer workload |
| miniz | compression | compress, decompress and compare 8MiB of data |
| norx | crypto | encrypt, decrypt and compare 30MiB of data |
| primes | numeric | calculate largest prime number below 33333333 |
| qsort | sorting | sort array containing 50 million items |
| sha512 | digest | calculate SHA-512 hash of 64MiB of data |
Compiler details
The following compiler architectures, versions, compile options and runtime libraries are used to run the benchmarks:
| Architecture | Compiler | C Library | Compile options |
|---|---|---|---|
| x86-32 | GCC 7.1.0 | musl libc | '-O3', '-O2' and '-Os' |
| x86-64 | GCC 7.1.0 | musl libc | '-O3', '-O2' and '-Os' |
| riscv32 | GCC 7.1.0 | musl libc | '-O3', '-O2' and '-Os' |
| riscv64 | GCC 7.1.0 | musl libc | '-O3', '-O2' and '-Os' |
| arm32 | GCC 7.2.0 | musl libc | '-O3', '-O2' and '-Os' |
| aarch64 | GCC 7.1.0 | musl libc | '-O3', '-O2' and '-Os' |
Measurement details
- Dynamic instruction counts are measured using
rv-sim -E - Benchmarks are run 20 times and the best result is taken
- All programs are compiled as position independent executables (
-fPIE) - Host: Intel® 6th-gen Core™ i7-5557U Broadwell (3.10-3.40GHz, 4MB cache)
- x86-64 μops measured with
perf stat -e cycles,instructions,r1b1,r10e,r2c2,r1c2 <cmd>
Runtimes
Runtime results comparing qemu, rv8 and native x86:
Figure 1: Benchmark runtimes -O3 64-bit
Runtime 64-bit -O3 (seconds)
| program | qemu-aarch64 | qemu-riscv64 | rv8-riscv64 | native-x86-64 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 1.31 | 2.16 | 1.49 | 0.32 |
| bigint | 1.38 | 1.08 | 0.71 | 0.38 |
| dhrystone | 0.98 | 0.57 | 0.20 | 0.10 |
| miniz | 2.66 | 2.21 | 1.53 | 0.77 |
| norx | 0.60 | 1.17 | 0.99 | 0.22 |
| primes | 2.09 | 1.26 | 0.65 | 0.60 |
| qsort | 7.38 | 4.76 | 1.21 | 0.64 |
| sha512 | 0.64 | 1.24 | 0.81 | 0.24 |
| (Sum) | 17.04 | 14.45 | 7.59 | 3.27 |
Performance Ratio 64-bit -O3 (smaller is better)
| program | qemu-aarch64 | qemu-riscv64 | rv8-riscv64 | native-x86-64 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 4.12 | 6.76 | 4.68 | 1.00 |
| bigint | 3.62 | 2.83 | 1.85 | 1.00 |
| dhrystone | 9.96 | 5.87 | 2.03 | 1.00 |
| miniz | 3.46 | 2.86 | 1.99 | 1.00 |
| norx | 2.73 | 5.33 | 4.51 | 1.00 |
| primes | 3.49 | 2.11 | 1.09 | 1.00 |
| qsort | 11.55 | 7.46 | 1.90 | 1.00 |
| sha512 | 2.66 | 5.13 | 3.36 | 1.00 |
| (Geomean) | 4.44 | 4.39 | 2.40 | 1.00 |
Figure 2: Benchmark runtimes -O2 64-bit
Runtime 64-bit -O2 (seconds)
| program | qemu-aarch64 | qemu-riscv64 | rv8-riscv64 | native-x86-64 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 1.32 | 2.18 | 1.49 | 0.32 |
| bigint | 1.34 | 1.03 | 1.44 | 0.38 |
| dhrystone | 1.77 | 1.06 | 0.23 | 0.12 |
| miniz | 2.72 | 2.22 | 1.52 | 0.77 |
| norx | 0.66 | 1.16 | 1.08 | 0.22 |
| primes | 2.11 | 1.25 | 0.66 | 0.59 |
| qsort | 7.35 | 4.74 | 1.19 | 0.62 |
| sha512 | 0.68 | 1.32 | 0.96 | 0.24 |
| (Sum) | 17.95 | 14.96 | 8.57 | 3.26 |
Performance Ratio 64-bit -O2 (smaller is better)
| program | qemu-aarch64 | qemu-riscv64 | rv8-riscv64 | native-x86-64 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 4.13 | 6.84 | 4.68 | 1.00 |
| bigint | 3.51 | 2.70 | 3.76 | 1.00 |
| dhrystone | 14.73 | 8.81 | 1.95 | 1.00 |
| miniz | 3.52 | 2.87 | 1.96 | 1.00 |
| norx | 2.94 | 5.20 | 4.81 | 1.00 |
| primes | 3.58 | 2.13 | 1.12 | 1.00 |
| qsort | 11.79 | 7.60 | 1.91 | 1.00 |
| sha512 | 2.80 | 5.45 | 3.96 | 1.00 |
| (Geomean) | 4.75 | 4.64 | 2.69 | 1.00 |
Figure 3: Benchmark runtimes -Os 64-bit
Runtime 64-bit -Os (seconds)
| program | qemu-aarch64 | qemu-riscv64 | rv8-riscv64 | native-x86-64 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 1.22 | 1.91 | 1.26 | 0.37 |
| bigint | 1.60 | 1.40 | 2.85 | 0.38 |
| dhrystone | 5.42 | 2.59 | 1.28 | 0.39 |
| miniz | 2.74 | 2.24 | 1.73 | 0.83 |
| norx | 1.58 | 1.53 | 0.96 | 0.24 |
| primes | 1.97 | 1.23 | 0.74 | 0.59 |
| qsort | 7.99 | 5.27 | 0.90 | 0.66 |
| sha512 | 0.64 | 1.14 | 0.67 | 0.25 |
| (Sum) | 23.16 | 17.31 | 10.39 | 3.71 |
Performance Ratio 64-bit -Os (smaller is better)
| program | qemu-aarch64 | qemu-riscv64 | rv8-riscv64 | native-x86-64 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 3.29 | 5.16 | 3.39 | 1.00 |
| bigint | 4.22 | 3.70 | 7.53 | 1.00 |
| dhrystone | 13.97 | 6.66 | 3.30 | 1.00 |
| miniz | 3.30 | 2.70 | 2.09 | 1.00 |
| norx | 6.59 | 6.36 | 4.00 | 1.00 |
| primes | 3.31 | 2.07 | 1.25 | 1.00 |
| qsort | 12.20 | 8.05 | 1.37 | 1.00 |
| sha512 | 2.56 | 4.58 | 2.68 | 1.00 |
| (Geomean) | 5.07 | 4.49 | 2.75 | 1.00 |
Figure 4: Benchmark runtimes -O3 32-bit
Runtime 32-bit -O3 (seconds)
| program | qemu-arm32 | qemu-riscv32 | rv8-riscv32 | native-x86-32 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 1.70 | 1.89 | 1.47 | 0.48 |
| bigint | 2.98 | 1.37 | 1.41 | 0.88 |
| dhrystone | 1.17 | 1.11 | 0.39 | 0.28 |
| miniz | 2.99 | 2.17 | 1.41 | 0.88 |
| norx | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.78 | 0.26 |
| primes | 4.20 | 2.34 | 1.89 | 1.51 |
| qsort | 8.39 | 4.56 | 1.15 | 0.70 |
| sha512 | 3.82 | 2.91 | 1.92 | 0.63 |
| (Sum) | 26.02 | 17.12 | 10.42 | 5.62 |
Performance Ratio 32-bit -O3 (smaller is better)
| program | qemu-arm32 | qemu-riscv32 | rv8-riscv32 | native-x86-32 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 3.56 | 3.97 | 3.09 | 1.00 |
| bigint | 3.39 | 1.56 | 1.61 | 1.00 |
| dhrystone | 4.13 | 3.91 | 1.37 | 1.00 |
| miniz | 3.40 | 2.47 | 1.60 | 1.00 |
| norx | 2.98 | 2.96 | 3.00 | 1.00 |
| primes | 2.79 | 1.55 | 1.25 | 1.00 |
| qsort | 12.04 | 6.54 | 1.65 | 1.00 |
| sha512 | 6.04 | 4.60 | 3.04 | 1.00 |
| (Geomean) | 4.23 | 3.09 | 1.95 | 1.00 |
Figure 5: Benchmark runtimes -O2 32-bit
Runtime 32-bit -O2 (seconds)
| program | qemu-arm32 | qemu-riscv32 | rv8-riscv32 | native-x86-32 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 1.73 | 1.88 | 1.41 | 0.48 |
| bigint | 2.73 | 1.46 | 1.76 | 0.85 |
| dhrystone | 2.19 | 1.80 | 0.41 | 0.36 |
| miniz | 2.98 | 2.16 | 1.36 | 0.88 |
| norx | 0.84 | 0.78 | 0.83 | 0.27 |
| primes | 4.32 | 2.31 | 1.91 | 1.54 |
| qsort | 10.53 | 4.55 | 1.16 | 0.68 |
| sha512 | 3.78 | 3.95 | 2.19 | 0.57 |
| (Sum) | 29.10 | 18.89 | 11.03 | 5.63 |
Performance Ratio 32-bit -O2 (smaller is better)
| program | qemu-arm32 | qemu-riscv32 | rv8-riscv32 | native-x86-32 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 3.59 | 3.92 | 2.93 | 1.00 |
| bigint | 3.19 | 1.71 | 2.06 | 1.00 |
| dhrystone | 6.11 | 5.02 | 1.13 | 1.00 |
| miniz | 3.39 | 2.46 | 1.54 | 1.00 |
| norx | 3.10 | 2.87 | 3.04 | 1.00 |
| primes | 2.81 | 1.50 | 1.24 | 1.00 |
| qsort | 15.44 | 6.67 | 1.70 | 1.00 |
| sha512 | 6.64 | 6.92 | 3.84 | 1.00 |
| (Geomean) | 4.63 | 3.37 | 2.00 | 1.00 |
Figure 6: Benchmark runtimes -Os 32-bit
Runtime 32-bit -Os (seconds)
| program | qemu-arm32 | qemu-riscv32 | rv8-riscv32 | native-x86-32 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 1.62 | 1.57 | 1.13 | 0.50 |
| bigint | 3.62 | 1.80 | 3.21 | 1.02 |
| dhrystone | 4.71 | 2.31 | 1.43 | 0.58 |
| miniz | 3.06 | 2.20 | 1.56 | 1.26 |
| norx | 1.38 | 1.18 | 1.00 | 0.32 |
| primes | 4.46 | 2.20 | 2.74 | 1.38 |
| qsort | 8.70 | 5.01 | 0.81 | 0.77 |
| sha512 | 3.52 | 2.69 | 2.20 | 0.79 |
| (Sum) | 31.07 | 18.96 | 14.08 | 6.62 |
Performance Ratio 32-bit -Os (smaller is better)
| program | qemu-arm32 | qemu-riscv32 | rv8-riscv32 | native-x86-32 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 3.24 | 3.15 | 2.26 | 1.00 |
| bigint | 3.55 | 1.76 | 3.14 | 1.00 |
| dhrystone | 8.14 | 4.00 | 2.48 | 1.00 |
| miniz | 2.43 | 1.74 | 1.24 | 1.00 |
| norx | 4.32 | 3.70 | 3.12 | 1.00 |
| primes | 3.22 | 1.59 | 1.98 | 1.00 |
| qsort | 11.24 | 6.47 | 1.05 | 1.00 |
| sha512 | 4.47 | 3.41 | 2.78 | 1.00 |
| (Geomean) | 4.47 | 2.90 | 2.11 | 1.00 |
Optimisation
Runtimes and ratios for optimisation levels (-O3, -O2 and -Os):
Figure 7: Optimisation native x86-64, -O3, -O2 and -Os
Optimisation native x86-64, -O3, -O2 and -Os
| program | x86-64-O3 | x86-64-O2 | x86-64-Os | x86-64-O3:O2 | x86-64-O3:Os | x86-64-O2:Os |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.37 | 1.00 | 0.86 | 0.86 |
| bigint | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.01 |
| dhrystone | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.39 | 0.82 | 0.25 | 0.31 |
| miniz | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.93 |
| norx | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.98 | 0.92 | 0.93 |
| primes | 0.60 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 0.99 |
| qsort | 0.64 | 0.62 | 0.66 | 1.03 | 0.98 | 0.95 |
| sha512 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.97 |
| (Geomean) | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.42 | 0.98 | 0.81 | 0.82 |
Figure 8: Optimisation native x86-32, -O3, -O2 and -Os
Optimisation native x86-32, -O3, -O2 and -Os
| program | x86-32-O3 | x86-32-O2 | x86-32-Os | x86-32-O3:O2 | x86-32-O3:Os | x86-32-O2:Os |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.97 |
| bigint | 0.88 | 0.85 | 1.02 | 1.03 | 0.86 | 0.84 |
| dhrystone | 0.28 | 0.36 | 0.58 | 0.79 | 0.49 | 0.62 |
| miniz | 0.88 | 0.88 | 1.26 | 1.00 | 0.70 | 0.70 |
| norx | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.95 | 0.81 | 0.85 |
| primes | 1.51 | 1.54 | 1.38 | 0.98 | 1.09 | 1.11 |
| qsort | 0.70 | 0.68 | 0.77 | 1.02 | 0.90 | 0.88 |
| sha512 | 0.63 | 0.57 | 0.79 | 1.11 | 0.80 | 0.72 |
| (Geomean) | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.75 | 0.98 | 0.81 | 0.82 |
Figure 9: Optimisation rv8 riscv64, -O3, -O2 and -Os
Optimisation rv8 riscv64, -O3, -O2 and -Os
| program | rv8-rv64-O3 | rv8-rv64-O2 | rv8-rv64-Os | rv8-rv64-O3:O2 | rv8-rv64-O3:Os | rv8-rv64-O2:Os |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 1.49 | 1.49 | 1.26 | 1.00 | 1.19 | 1.19 |
| bigint | 0.71 | 1.44 | 2.85 | 0.49 | 0.25 | 0.50 |
| dhrystone | 0.20 | 0.23 | 1.28 | 0.85 | 0.16 | 0.18 |
| miniz | 1.53 | 1.52 | 1.73 | 1.01 | 0.88 | 0.87 |
| norx | 0.99 | 1.08 | 0.96 | 0.92 | 1.03 | 1.12 |
| primes | 0.65 | 0.66 | 0.74 | 1.00 | 0.88 | 0.88 |
| qsort | 1.21 | 1.19 | 0.90 | 1.02 | 1.35 | 1.33 |
| sha512 | 0.81 | 0.96 | 0.67 | 0.85 | 1.22 | 1.44 |
| (Geomean) | 0.82 | 0.94 | 1.17 | 0.87 | 0.71 | 0.80 |
Figure 10: Optimisation rv8 riscv32, -O3, -O2 and -Os
Optimisation rv8 riscv32, -O3, -O2 and -Os
| program | rv8-rv32-O3 | rv8-rv32-O2 | rv8-rv32-Os | rv8-rv32-O3:O2 | rv8-rv32-O3:Os | rv8-rv32-O2:Os |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 1.47 | 1.41 | 1.13 | 1.04 | 1.31 | 1.25 |
| bigint | 1.41 | 1.76 | 3.21 | 0.80 | 0.44 | 0.55 |
| dhrystone | 0.39 | 0.41 | 1.43 | 0.96 | 0.27 | 0.28 |
| miniz | 1.41 | 1.36 | 1.56 | 1.04 | 0.90 | 0.87 |
| norx | 0.78 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.78 | 0.83 |
| primes | 1.89 | 1.91 | 2.74 | 0.99 | 0.69 | 0.70 |
| qsort | 1.15 | 1.16 | 0.81 | 0.99 | 1.41 | 1.42 |
| sha512 | 1.92 | 2.19 | 2.20 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.99 |
| (Geomean) | 1.18 | 1.24 | 1.58 | 0.95 | 0.74 | 0.78 |
Instructions Per Second
Instructions per second in millions comparing qemu, rv8 and native x86:
Figure 11: Millions of Instructions Per Second -O3 64-bit
Instructions per second (MIPS) qemu, rv8 and native 64-bit -O3
| program | qemu-riscv64-mips | rv8-riscv64-mips | native-x86-mips |
|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 2414 | 3489 | 11035 |
| bigint | 3738 | 5720 | 10557 |
| dhrystone | 1843 | 5327 | 8369 |
| miniz | 2625 | 3778 | 5530 |
| norx | 2223 | 2628 | 9112 |
| primes | 2438 | 4712 | 6100 |
| qsort | 644 | 2527 | 5780 |
| sha512 | 2982 | 4550 | 12177 |
| (Geomean) | 2149 | 3932 | 8232 |
Figure 12: Millions of Instructions Per Second -O2 64-bit
Instructions per second (MIPS) qemu, rv8 and native 64-bit -O2
| program | qemu-riscv64-mips | rv8-riscv64-mips | native-x86-mips |
|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 2384 | 3489 | 10984 |
| bigint | 4155 | 2985 | 10584 |
| dhrystone | 1353 | 6111 | 9930 |
| miniz | 2617 | 3833 | 5468 |
| norx | 2309 | 2493 | 9342 |
| primes | 2461 | 4690 | 6238 |
| qsort | 627 | 2491 | 6118 |
| sha512 | 2860 | 3936 | 12395 |
| (Geomean) | 2085 | 3596 | 8525 |
Figure 13: Millions of Instructions Per Second -Os 64-bit
Instructions per second (MIPS) qemu, rv8 and native 64-bit -Os
| program | qemu-riscv64-mips | rv8-riscv64-mips | native-x86-mips |
|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 2655 | 4046 | 10072 |
| bigint | 3973 | 1956 | 12873 |
| dhrystone | 1250 | 2525 | 9073 |
| miniz | 2650 | 3419 | 5052 |
| norx | 1817 | 2888 | 8852 |
| primes | 2226 | 3675 | 6101 |
| qsort | 572 | 3355 | 6063 |
| sha512 | 3269 | 5583 | 12206 |
| (Geomean) | 2008 | 3286 | 8355 |
Figure 14: Millions of Instructions Per Second -O3 32-bit
Instructions per second (MIPS) qemu, rv8 and native 32-bit -O3
| program | qemu-riscv32-mips | rv8-riscv32-mips | native-x86-mips |
|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 2442 | 3137 | 9634 |
| bigint | 3964 | 3837 | 9780 |
| dhrystone | 1998 | 5696 | 3747 |
| miniz | 2195 | 3384 | 4988 |
| norx | 2824 | 2791 | 9146 |
| primes | 3039 | 3773 | 6368 |
| qsort | 671 | 2667 | 6259 |
| sha512 | 2773 | 4200 | 11074 |
| (Geomean) | 2259 | 3586 | 7186 |
Figure 15: Millions of Instructions Per Second -O2 32-bit
Instructions per second (MIPS) qemu, rv8 and native 32-bit -O2
| program | qemu-riscv32-mips | rv8-riscv32-mips | native-x86-mips |
|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 2451 | 3273 | 9551 |
| bigint | 3709 | 3081 | 9740 |
| dhrystone | 1381 | 6148 | 4820 |
| miniz | 2195 | 3496 | 4960 |
| norx | 2879 | 2712 | 9155 |
| primes | 3085 | 3721 | 6257 |
| qsort | 614 | 2413 | 5969 |
| sha512 | 2477 | 4473 | 11191 |
| (Geomean) | 2096 | 3521 | 7349 |
Figure 16: Millions of Instructions Per Second -Os 32-bit
Instructions per second (MIPS) qemu, rv8 and native 32-bit -Os
| program | qemu-riscv32-mips | rv8-riscv32-mips | native-x86-mips |
|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 2832 | 3945 | 9472 |
| bigint | 3856 | 2166 | 9817 |
| dhrystone | 1435 | 2318 | 8479 |
| miniz | 2177 | 3062 | 4171 |
| norx | 1965 | 2327 | 8129 |
| primes | 2928 | 2347 | 7105 |
| qsort | 576 | 3545 | 5892 |
| sha512 | 2901 | 3549 | 8396 |
| (Geomean) | 2063 | 2835 | 7441 |
Retired Micro-ops
The following table describes the measured x86 performance counters:
| counter | x86 event mask | description |
|---|---|---|
| instret | INST_RETIRED |
instructions retired |
| uops-executed | UOPS_EXECUTED.THREAD |
uops executed |
| uops-issued | UOPS_ISSUED.ANY |
uops issued |
| uops-slots | UOPS_RETIRED.RETIRE_SLOTS |
uop retirement slots used |
| uops-retired | UOPS_RETIRED.ANY |
uops retired |
Total retired micro-op/instruction counts comparing RISC-V and x86:
Figure 17: Retired operation counts -O3 64-bit
Retired Operations (Mops) x86-64 vs riscv64 -O3
| program | x86-instret | x86-uops-executed | x86-uops-issued | x86-uops-retired | x86-uops-slots | riscv64-instret |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 3520 | 3855 | 3455 | 4335 | 3442 | 5205 |
| bigint | 4033 | 3927 | 4033 | 4355 | 4045 | 4044 |
| dhrystone | 820 | 1131 | 860 | 1151 | 854 | 1060 |
| miniz | 4264 | 4151 | 4224 | 4232 | 3832 | 5791 |
| norx | 2005 | 1970 | 2029 | 2230 | 2002 | 2607 |
| primes | 3642 | 3151 | 3855 | 3650 | 3653 | 3077 |
| qsort | 3694 | 5052 | 4036 | 4897 | 3546 | 3067 |
| sha512 | 2947 | 2623 | 3073 | 3264 | 3045 | 3704 |
| (Sum) | 24925 | 25860 | 25565 | 28114 | 24419 | 28555 |
Figure 18: Retired operation counts -O2 64-bit
Retired Operations (Mops) x86-64 vs riscv64 -O2
| program | x86-instret | x86-uops-executed | x86-uops-issued | x86-uops-retired | x86-uops-slots | riscv64-instret |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 3504 | 3852 | 3439 | 4363 | 3466 | 5205 |
| bigint | 4043 | 3899 | 4055 | 4360 | 4052 | 4292 |
| dhrystone | 1192 | 1578 | 1228 | 1643 | 1250 | 1430 |
| miniz | 4221 | 4128 | 4179 | 4200 | 3799 | 5807 |
| norx | 2093 | 2014 | 2054 | 2288 | 2033 | 2687 |
| primes | 3668 | 3169 | 3829 | 3652 | 3640 | 3077 |
| qsort | 3812 | 4379 | 3909 | 4531 | 3583 | 2969 |
| sha512 | 3000 | 2709 | 3068 | 3276 | 3064 | 3775 |
| (Sum) | 25533 | 25728 | 25761 | 28313 | 24887 | 29242 |
Figure 19: Retired operation counts -Os 64-bit
Retired Operations (Mops) x86-64 vs riscv64 -Os
| program | x86-instret | x86-uops-executed | x86-uops-issued | x86-uops-retired | x86-uops-slots | riscv64-instret |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 3737 | 4323 | 3711 | 4789 | 3697 | 5081 |
| bigint | 4879 | 4617 | 4593 | 4896 | 4595 | 5579 |
| dhrystone | 3520 | 5401 | 4293 | 5540 | 4257 | 3230 |
| miniz | 4193 | 4519 | 4251 | 4446 | 3875 | 5928 |
| norx | 2124 | 2294 | 2177 | 2459 | 2148 | 2775 |
| primes | 3624 | 3161 | 3793 | 3633 | 3629 | 2734 |
| qsort | 3972 | 4932 | 4243 | 4897 | 3858 | 3016 |
| sha512 | 3039 | 2750 | 3155 | 3359 | 3155 | 3730 |
| (Sum) | 29088 | 31997 | 30216 | 34019 | 29214 | 32073 |
Figure 20: Retired operation counts -O3 32-bit
Retired Operations (Mops) x86-32 vs riscv32 -O3
| program | x86-instret | x86-uops-executed | x86-uops-issued | x86-uops-retired | x86-uops-slots | riscv32-instret |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 4586 | 5246 | 4590 | 5864 | 4573 | 4618 |
| bigint | 8587 | 9909 | 9219 | 11659 | 9203 | 5418 |
| dhrystone | 1060 | 3151 | 2651 | 3251 | 2631 | 2210 |
| miniz | 4389 | 5253 | 4587 | 5024 | 4097 | 4775 |
| norx | 2369 | 2380 | 2361 | 2683 | 2347 | 2166 |
| primes | 9591 | 14598 | 11931 | 14999 | 11612 | 7115 |
| qsort | 4362 | 7313 | 5934 | 6512 | 4975 | 3062 |
| sha512 | 7010 | 6841 | 7074 | 8110 | 7056 | 8073 |
| (Sum) | 41954 | 54691 | 48347 | 58102 | 46494 | 37437 |
Figure 21: Retired operation counts -O2 32-bit
Retired Operations (Mops) x86-32 vs riscv32 -O2
| program | x86-instret | x86-uops-executed | x86-uops-issued | x86-uops-retired | x86-uops-slots | riscv32-instret |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 4594 | 5298 | 4641 | 5870 | 4589 | 4618 |
| bigint | 8318 | 9704 | 8938 | 11329 | 8927 | 5420 |
| dhrystone | 1730 | 4292 | 3468 | 4401 | 3471 | 2490 |
| miniz | 4360 | 5196 | 4559 | 4957 | 4035 | 4747 |
| norx | 2490 | 2532 | 2480 | 2838 | 2474 | 2245 |
| primes | 9610 | 14586 | 11928 | 15021 | 11605 | 7115 |
| qsort | 4071 | 6384 | 4961 | 5834 | 4295 | 2794 |
| sha512 | 6379 | 6511 | 6471 | 7394 | 6472 | 9777 |
| (Sum) | 41552 | 54503 | 47446 | 57644 | 45868 | 39206 |
Figure 22: Retired operation counts -Os 32-bit
Retired Operations (Mops) x86-32 vs riscv32 -Os
| program | x86-instret | x86-uops-executed | x86-uops-issued | x86-uops-retired | x86-uops-slots | riscv32-instret |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aes | 4717 | 5756 | 4775 | 6063 | 4737 | 4446 |
| bigint | 10033 | 11596 | 11049 | 13471 | 11033 | 6953 |
| dhrystone | 4901 | 7398 | 5669 | 7591 | 5634 | 3320 |
| miniz | 5256 | 6571 | 5568 | 6460 | 4983 | 4783 |
| norx | 2601 | 3120 | 2675 | 3268 | 2641 | 2325 |
| primes | 9834 | 10948 | 10661 | 12072 | 10429 | 6429 |
| qsort | 4560 | 7633 | 6052 | 7033 | 5226 | 2886 |
| sha512 | 6624 | 6830 | 6655 | 7639 | 6671 | 7796 |
| (Sum) | 48526 | 59852 | 53104 | 63597 | 51354 | 38938 |
Dynamic Register Usage
Dynamic register usage results comparing riscv64 -O3, -O2, -Os
Figure 26: Dynamic register usage - aes -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by frequency)
Figure 27: Dynamic register usage - aes -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by alphabetically)
Figure 28: Dynamic register usage - bigint -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by frequency)
Figure 29: Dynamic register usage - bigint -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by alphabetically)
Figure 30: Dynamic register usage - dhrystone -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by frequency)
Figure 31: Dynamic register usage - dhrystone -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by alphabetically)
Figure 32: Dynamic register usage - miniz -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by frequency)
Figure 33: Dynamic register usage - miniz -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by alphabetically)
Figure 34: Dynamic register usage - norx -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by frequency)
Figure 35: Dynamic register usage - norx -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by alphabetically)
Figure 36: Dynamic register usage - primes -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by frequency)
Figure 37: Dynamic register usage - primes -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by alphabetically)
Figure 38: Dynamic register usage - qsort -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by frequency)
Figure 39: Dynamic register usage - qsort -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by alphabetically)
Figure 40: Dynamic register usage - sha512 -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by frequency)
Figure 41: Dynamic register usage - sha512 -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by alphabetically)
Dynamic Instruction Usage
Dynamic instruction usage results comparing riscv64 -O3, -O2, -Os
Figure 42: Dynamic instruction usage - aes -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by frequency)
Figure 43: Dynamic instruction usage - aes -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by alphabetically)
Figure 44: Dynamic instruction usage - bigint -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by frequency)
Figure 45: Dynamic instruction usage - bigint -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by alphabetically)
Figure 46: Dynamic instruction usage - dhrystone -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by frequency)
Figure 47: Dynamic instruction usage - dhrystone -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by alphabetically)
Figure 48: Dynamic instruction usage - miniz -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by frequency)
Figure 49: Dynamic instruction usage - miniz -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by alphabetically)
Figure 50: Dynamic instruction usage - norx -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by frequency)
Figure 51: Dynamic instruction usage - norx -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by alphabetically)
Figure 52: Dynamic instruction usage - primes -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by frequency)
Figure 53: Dynamic instruction usage - primes -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by alphabetically)
Figure 54: Dynamic instruction usage - qsort -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by frequency)
Figure 55: Dynamic instruction usage - qsort -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by alphabetically)
Figure 56: Dynamic instruction usage - sha512 -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by frequency)
Figure 57: Dynamic instruction usage - sha512 -O3, -O2, -Os (sorted by alphabetically)